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The 1791 German–Serbian dictionary, referred to as the Avramović Dictionary ((セルビア語:Аврамовићев речник or ''Avramovićev rečnik''); full title in (ドイツ語:Deutsch und Illyrisches Wörterbuch zum Gebrauch der Illyrischen Nation in den K. K. Staaten); full title in Slavonic-Serbian: ''Нѣмецкïй и сербскïй словарь на потребу сербскагѡ народа въ крал. державахъ'', transliterated as ''Německij i serbskij slovar' na potrebu serbskago naroda v kral. deržavah'', meaning "German and Serbian Dictionary for Use by the Serbian People in the Royal States"), is a historical bidirectional translation dictionary published in the Habsburg Empire's capital of Vienna in 1791, though 1790 is given as the year of publication in some of its copies. Containing around 20,000 headwords in each direction, it is the largest Serbian dictionary of the 18th century. Vuk Karadžić possibly used it as a source for his ''Serbian Dictionary'', which first appeared in 1818 as the first book in modern literary Serbian. The Avramović Dictionary translates between Slavonic-Serbian, which was the dominant literary language of Serbs at the time, and German, which had been a subject in Serb schools in the Habsburg Empire since 1753. Teodor Avramović adapted Jacob Rodde's German–Russian dictionary published in 1784 in Leipzig. Avramović was a proofreader at the Cyrillic printing house of Joseph Kurzbeck (alternative spelling: Kurzböck), who published the German–Serbian dictionary. The vernacular Serbian used in the dictionary reflects a dialect of the Serbs in Vojvodina. ==Background== At the beginning of the 18th century, the principal literary language of the Serbs was Church Slavonic of the Serbian recension or Serbo-Slavonic, with centuries-old tradition.〔Ivić 1998, pp. 105–6〕 By the mid-18th century, it had been mostly replaced with Russo-Slavonic (Church Slavonic of the Russian recension) among the Serbs in the Habsburg Empire.〔Ivić 1998, pp. 116–19〕〔Paxton 1981, pp. 107–9〕 A linguistic blend of Russo-Slavonic, vernacular Serbian, and Russian—called Slavonic-Serbian— became the dominant language of Serbian secular publications during the 1780s and 1790s. A German–Slavonic-Serbian dictionary was composed in the 1730s in Karlovci, with around 1,100 headwords.〔Ivić 1998, pp. 129–33〕 The last notable work in Slavonic-Serbian was published in 1825.〔Ivić 1998, p. 194〕 Since 1750, German had been steadily replacing Latin as the official language in the Habsburg Empire. In Serbian schools, German began to be taught on 1 October 1753 in Karlovci.〔Kostić 1998, pp. 39–43〕 A knowledge of that language was especially important for those Serbs who sought a career in the imperial bureaucracy, the army, or commerce. A German grammar in Slavonic-Serbian appeared in 1772,〔Paxton 1981, pp. 110–11〕 adapted by Stefan Vujanovski. The book also contained a dictionary with around 4,500 headwords. Two years later, Sava Lazarević wrote a textbook for learning German, with a dictionary of around 1,600 headwords. This dictionary would be published as a separate book titled ''Рѣчникъ малый'' (''Little Dictionary'') in 1793, and it was reprinted in 1802, 1806, 1814, 1823, and 1837.〔 The 1772 grammar and the 1774 textbook were printed in Vienna by Austrian publisher and bookseller Joseph Kurzbeck.〔 He established his Cyrillic printing house in 1770, and Empress Maria Theresia granted him a monopoly on printing and importing Cyrillic books.〔Denić 2004, pp. 64–65〕〔Gastgeber 2002, para. 7〕 The empress sanctioned a Cyrillic press in Vienna to reduce the massive importation of Russian books requested by the Serbian Orthodox Church and schools.〔 The Habsburg court had repeatedly rejected the Serbs' petitions to found their own printing houses.〔〔Gastgeber 2002, para. 6〕 In 1786, Kurzbeck employed Teodor Avramović as a proofreader,〔Denić 2004, pp. 68–69〕 who previously worked as a teacher in his home town of Ruma.〔Denić 2004, pp. 62–63〕 Between 1779 and 1785, there was an intensive campaign in the Habsburg Empire to eliminate the Cyrillic script and the Church Slavonic language from Serbian schools and secular publications. The Cyrillic script was to be replaced with the Latin alphabet, and the "Illyrian" language that was used in Croatian schools was to replace Church Slavonic. This campaign eventually failed as it was effectively resisted by Serb educational and religious authorities, including the Metropolitan of Karlovci, Mojsije Putnik.〔 The term "Illyrian" was used in the Habsburg Empire to refer to any South Slavic peoples or to the South Slavs in general, though in the 18th century, non-Slavic Habsburg officials associated it primarily with Serbs.〔Fine 2006, p. 374〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「German–Serbian dictionary (1791)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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